Iron Jawed Angels A Film That Portrays The Cruelty And...

Iron Jawed Angels is a film that portrays the cruelty and brutality woman faced throughout the Suffrage movement in the 1900s and the Women faced many issues, but some accepted inequality while others waited patiently as asked to for years. Alice Paul and Lucy burns took a stand and stroke up determination within women. Women who were a part of the movement were referred to as suffragists who stood up to the law and asked for the right to vote. They faced many obstacles such as verbal and physical attacks throughout the parade and peaceful protest. For instance, throughout the parade men shouted to the women to get off the streets and called them names. Glass bottles were thrown at the women and they were asked to show what was under†¦show more content†¦Promotions may not apply to women due to pregnancy. In â€Å"breaking down barriers for women† it was stated that in the 1960s the job opportunities were limited to teacher, nurse, secretary. Women were paid lower salaries and were denied opportunities to advance because employers assumed that they would be soon get pregnant and quit. Society had the mentality that men needed the opportunities to advance due to the fact that had families to support. The division between NAWSA and NWP was portrayed in the film and it has relevance to the course because it ties into what the article â€Å"breaking down barriers for women† revolved around. The older women were not on board with the strategies and because of that asked Paul to raise the funds for the parade she wanted to conduct. The split was based on tactics. The NAWSA led by Carrie Chapman Catt wanted a state by state approach while Alice Paul, who led NWP had more aggressive techniques. Picketing the white house was considered an aggressive approach to NAWSA. Although they were aggressive, they were not violent. There was more determination coming from the NWP. NAWSA waited patiently as asked by President Wilson. The President ignored the issue and said it was because he had no knowledge nor was he familiar with the issue. This movement is important because although it took years the goal was achieved. It was a long battle and women were brave enough to put their lives on the line. Alice Paul was a determined young woman

Should Culture Be A Commodity - 957 Words

Should culture be a commodity? In other words, should culture be able to be bought and sold for a profit? Cultural artifacts, by any meaningful measure, currently are a commodity. They are bought and sold on the art market in places as far and wide as legitimate auctions in London or New York to sale on the thriving black market trade currently funding a brutal terrorist organization in Syria and Iraq. A more famous example, of culture acting as commodity, took place in 2007 when the Guennol Lioness, a famous Mesopotamian statue, was sold in Sotheby s for an astounding fifty seven point two million dollars. It was bought by a private collector and is now, of course, out of the public eye. Coming back to the central question, I am of the opinion that culture should not be a commodity due to its effect on the context of the objects as well as its effect on the cultural value of the artifacts to the various stakeholders in question. If the buying and selling of cultural artifacts does o ne thing well, it is the destruction of context. In The Ethics of Archaeology (2006), Robert Layton and Gillian Wallace state that â€Å"the crime of the undocumented antiquities trade is its undocumented destruction of context† (p. 57). As they point out, this destruction of context can be simple and in some ways benign. Something as simple as the removal of a Byzantine coin being removed from its original context â€Å"in a money pouch† to â€Å"a museum case or a collector s coin display board†Show MoreRelatedHow Wine Has Become More Of A Commodity1309 Words   |  6 Pages Wine has been considered a luxury in many cultures since before biblical times. However, â€Å"upon recent years wine has become more of a commodity†(Reeves). With this, it has decreased the luxurious value of wine, making it cheaper and less desirable. To learn when wine became the important commodity that it is today, the history of it must first be explored. An alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes, â€Å"wine has been apart of Mediterranean culture for more than 5,500 years† (Fagan, 14). ThereRead MoreJohn Fiske Argues That ‘Popular Culture Lies Not in the Production of Commodities so Much as the Productive Use of Industrial Commodities’1153 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Fiske argues that ‘popular culture lies not in the production of commodities so much as the productive use of industrial commodities’ (Fiske, J. 1990, Understanding Popular Culture. London: Routledge, p.28) Essay By the word â€Å"culture† we refer to the social circulation of meanings, values and pleasures to the processes of forming social identities. Popular is a more elusive term even than culture. One meaning of the word, is what is most popular is what appeals to theRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Consumer Culture on Education1242 Words   |  5 PagesEffect of Consumer Culture on Education Consumer culture has without a doubt affected my education. 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Employees in this sector are subject to low wages, unpredictable shifts, a lack of leave and benefits, mandatory overtime, and other harsh working conditionsRead MoreGlencore Case Study1524 Words   |  7 PagesWest Dr. Paul Rome MGMT 661 Strategic Management Tuesday, May 12, 2015 Introduction and Problem Identification In this case study we will identify the problems that can be issued in the process of the merger between two of the largest commodities traders in the world, Glencore and Xstrata. It will provide the background of both companies, the situation analysis, identification of alternatives Companies Background. Glencore had been a trading company since their early years with the nameRead MoreGreat Wall of China Essay example1375 Words   |  6 Pagesdynasties did not. According to Arthur Waldron, in his book: The Great Wall of China from History to Myth. Waldron explained in chapter one that â€Å"each dynasty had to define for itself where its political sway would end.† China was not merely just a culture that transformed into a nation because of the outputs of The Great Wall of China. A few of the many important factors that makes The Great Wall of China notably important is the geography of its strategy, the rise and falls of dynasties, changes ofRead MoreConsumer Behavior Refers to the Selection, Purchase and Consumption of Goods and Services for the Satisfaction of Their Wants1679 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses involved in the consumer behavior. Initially the consumer tries to find what commodities he would like to consume, then he selects only those commodities that promise g reater utility. After selecting the commodities, the consumer makes an estimate of the available money which he can spend. Lastly, the consumer analyzes the prevailing prices of commodities and takes the decision about the commodities he should consume. Meanwhile, there are various other factors influencing the purchases of consumer

Psychology †Reflection on Self Free Essays

Our universe has the general tendency to move from order to disorder. And yet look at how complex we are. The puzzle becomes: How does our universe creates complexity? David Christian said, â€Å"The universe can create complexity but with great difficulty. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology – Reflection on Self or any similar topic only for you Order Now † According to him, we live in the â€Å"goldilocks region† of our universe – not too hot, not too cold, but just right for the creation of complexity. Then, things slightly more complex started to appear stage by stage. Each stage is magical because it creates something utterly new appearing almost out of nowhere. We have known that DNA accumulates information through random errors some of which just happened to work. But DNA actually generated a faster way of accumulation information. It produced organisms with brain. And those organisms can learn and accumulate information first-hand. The sad thing about it is when the organism dies; the information dies with them. We, humans, appeared about 200 thousand years ago. What makes humans different is our way of communication, the human language. A system of communication so powerful and precise that we can share our knowledge and form a collective memory that accumulates from generation to generation. The main reason why as a species humans are so creative and intelligence. But then things started to get more complex, emotions, intuition and consciousness started to materialize. We became much more sensitive and perceptive to our environment. We began to reflect upon our different behaviours. That is when â€Å"the self† emerges out of the mere reflection upon our behaviour and social interaction. Our self-concept determines our level of performance in our everyday lives. All the changes we act on the outside begin in the inside of our self-concept. The way we think, act, interact and everything that happens in our life is the manifestations of our self-concept and the way we understand it. Our outer life is always a reflection of our inner life. It is extremely important to know ourselves in order to be very clear of our values, principles, beliefs and ideals. These elements contribute as a whole on how we behave and interact with other people. Our self-concept influences our emotions, behaviour and even the way other people respond and interact with us. The problem with that though is when we think about ourselves negatively. Everything starts to be affected from just the way we think about ourselves. We start to become helpless and depressed. â€Å"We are born with pain. We are born through difficulties,† Nik Vujicic once said. Nik Vujicic was born without limbs. He tried to drown himself when he was 10 years old because he felt like he was hopeless and abandoned. He felt like it was only him against the world. But the one thought that saved him was what will his family feel and suffer when he would kill himself saying, â€Å"You know what’s worse about being born without limbs? It’s being born without limbs who gives up on living.† Personally, I don’t know why we are born this way. But we have a choice, either be angry for what we don’t have or be thankful for what we have. If Nik Vujicic, limbless but can still smile despite difficulties and trials, then so can we. When we feel like we don’t have love and hope, we start to become helpless and lose the strength to love. We start to doubt and question our very own existence when we lose those qualities. We all have those people who are going to bring us down no matter how good our day is, or bring us even lower when we are having a bad day. But when we think and accuse those people as the greatest discouragement of our lives, we’re wrong because they’re not- we are. We have a choice to give up on living or get up. Those things are like the wounds or scars in a tree bark. Judging from how a tree grows, it will never go away. But we can grow as much as we want and let those kinds of things be a small part of our lives, or we succumb to it and die. We need to remind ourselves that we are important and special, and our values are not determined by our social status, background and the way we look. During fifth grade, I was oppressed by many people even my own teacher because I was a bad kid. There was one time I was accused of doing something and I tried to defend myself saying that what happened was an accident, but it was futile. I could only do so much. People were already saying that I was the â€Å"black sheep† of my family and that I was very different from my other siblings. What happened will forever be a scar in my memory but I have to grow. I have to stand up for myself and continue on living. Everyday we make choices, and most often the simple choices are the ones that can have the huge effect for the rest of our lives. The world needs love and hope. Let us start our day by giving just that. We are here for a reason. William Barkley said, â€Å"The greatest two days in anyone’s life is the day you were born and the day you know why. † We may not be able to get a miracle but we can be a miracle for others. We need to remind other people that they are important. In order to help ourselves, we first need to become selfless, not egocentric but sociocentric. Just like one famous song would state, â€Å"Love is something if you give it away. It will come right back to you. † When I was a kid even until now, I was always inquisitive and curious. I was really thinking if an optimistic belief in ourselves and self-confidence would really make a difference. I wanted to find out how do you really become successful. Eduardo Briceno asked, â€Å"What do you think is the the key to achieving goals and success? † Most people believed that it’s hard work, persistence and focus but Briceno showed that these are all products of something more potent that anyone could develop. Josh Waitzkin, a chess international master and the subject for the movie â€Å"The Search for the Next Bobby Fisher,† is an example of a person who achieved great success. No one won more international competitions than him. But even more impressive, Waitzkin took on the challenge of mastering a complete new field, martial arts. It was very different from chess. After intense devotion, hard work and some broken joints, he became a great martial artist having won two international competitions. Believe it or not, Waitzkin said that the greatest thing that ever happened to him was losing his first international chess championship. He avoided the greatest psychological trap. The key trap Waitzkin avoided was believing that he was smarter than other people and that he didn’t have to work hard. He could’ve thought of himself as a protà ©gà © but he didn’t. He said, â€Å"The moment we believe that success is determined by an ingrained level of ability, we will brittle in the face of adversity. † Stanford University Professor Carol Dweck discovered that some people think that intelligence is fixed while other people see intelligence as Waitzkin does as something that we can develop and grow. In a study she did, several hundred seventh graders were surveyed for which kind of mindset they had and were tracked for two years. Result showed that students with growth mindset increased their performance over time. The only difference between the two groups was a different perspective of what intelligence is. â€Å"The key to success is not only effort, focus and persistent but it is the belief that we can develop ourselves and the growth mindset that creates them. † If we are to fulfill our potentials, we have to start thinking differently. Our thoughts influence our actions because if we don’t believe it then no one else will. We have to realize that we are not constant and locked to our contemporary abilities. We can change our ability to think and perform. Because when we lose sight in the belief that we can do something, we are done. In fact, most of the greatest thinkers of our era were once thought of as having no potential and future. Einstein once thought of committing suicide regretting why was he even born. But along with him and other great achievers from Mozart to Robert Boyle built their intelligence and abilities. â€Å"We are what we repeatedly do,† Aristotle famously proclaimed. â€Å"Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. † Once we start to believe in ourselves, that’s when confidence and excellence comes in. Excellence is not something we are born with. We have to work our way to it. We have to make it a habit. William James once said, â€Å"Any sequence of mental action which has been frequently repeated tends to perpetuate itself; so that we find ourselves automatically prompted to think, feel, or do what we have been before accustomed to think, feel, or do.† But before excellence and success, we have to believe in ourselves. The real way of achieving self-esteem and self-confidence is not by being born with it but by working and being certain of it. The key insight of the context is the belief that we can somehow do it, being confident about it and that we have to work hard at something in order to attain it. We must be confident about what we do because we’ve done it a million times. By that, we bring our game to a whole new level. Einstein worked for 10 years in completing his equations for the General Theory of Relativity. Behind it is the understanding that setbacks and failures are part of growth. Every time we became discouraged at something we are doing at, we start to tell ourselves that, â€Å"I can’t do it. † When we hear that, let us talkback with affirmation, â€Å"I can’t do it but not yet. † Just a little faith in ourselves can create great leaps. Having an optimistic belief in ourselves does create competence and effectiveness on what we do. As I would paraphrase a key text in the Bible, â€Å"Faith as small as a mustard seed can move mountains. † How to cite Psychology – Reflection on Self, Papers

Financial Statement And Security Valuation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Statement And Security Valuation? Answer: Introduction WaveRider is a small business which provides services in the physical recreation and Sports section. There is a seasonal variation in the business and at the peak season time some casual staffs are recruited by the organisation. Current year performance of the business is looking good. In the current financial year the business is having a profit of $57950.35. Under this current situation the owner Daniel Simons is thinking of two alternative new investment options to increase the revenue and profit level in the business. The current report would properly analysis the business financial situation to provide correct recommendation for the alternative business investments. Findings and discussion The expense section of the profit and loss account is heavy otherwise the profit would have been much better. Some of the large size expense is the interest expense, depreciation, superannuation, salaries and surf instruction charges. The higher expense for interest shows that the company relies too much on the debt instrument for its financing of the business (Shapiro, 2008).Surf instruction charges are an expense that the business cannot avoid to provide better services to the customers. On the together hand the large section of depreciation cost ($38368) means there is a large section of cost which is non cash expenses and that means a significant amount of expense is not causing any cash outflow from the business. This high amount of depreciation is the result of the large asset acquisition in the business. Superannuation, salaries and wages purpose expense combines $22098. So it can be seen that the fixed cost of running the business is high and that is the major cause of this l ower profit in the business (Shapiro, 2008).Now reducing this fixed cost part of the business would be last option. Instead the business needs to improve its revenue to offset this problem. The profitability and the liquidity level of the business need to be analysed also. The organisation is showing a net profit in the business and that is why the profitability ratio like profit margin ratio and the return on asset ratio is in the positive figures (Penman and Penman, 2007).The high depreciation level in the business shows high investment in the asset classes but the positive return on asset figures shows that the business is able to manage its asset classed for profitability (Higgins, 2012). Another important profitability ratio that is ROCE is showing positive figure. This shows that the business is able to use its employed capital effectively to earn positive revenue in the business. Here the operating profit of the business came as high positive figure because of the large section of the non cash expenses in the business. Positive ROCE is good indication for the longer financing perspective from the investors side (Healy and Palepu, 2012).The liquidity position of t he business is shown by the current ratio. The ratio is positive at 0.26. This shows that the current asset position of the company is positive but the company will not be able to meet its obligation in the short term as the liability is higher. So for the shorter term the organisation needs to make some fund arrangements. The benchmark performance figures of the physical recreation and Sports sector is gathered from the ATO websites. All of these figures and ratios are based on the annual turnover. The total expense to turn over ratio of the business is 68%. Considering the total turnover of the company, it falls in the second bracket which ranges from 65% to 80%. The organisation falls under the lower side of the range and that is good as per the industrial standard. The labour turnover ratios of the company are around 13% which falls below the range of 22% to 35%. So the company is performing efficiently in this section by following the casual staffs recruitment policy for the seasonal demand the motor vehicle to turnover ratio falls below the second bracket range at 2% in the business. So considering this industry benchmark the company performs appropriately (Healy and Palepu, 2012). Recommendation The organisation has two options in the business for the investments. For the first investment proposal the expense for kite surfing is $23000. There is an alternative option in this part also where the charges for the training is in per hour basis. But there is an uncertainty in this part ((Brigham and Houston, 2012).This is a new segment of business in the market and has good potential. So the business needs to cash that as quickly as possible. The business is in the growth phase and that is why the investment in the asset and service enhancement is required to open newer source of income. For funding this new venture there is two source of fund. That is business internal fund and the borrowed funds. The unused fund of the business is at $23431. But using this fund completely for the new venture would not be appropriate and for this reason the debt instrument needs to be used again. This time the business would take the load for long term. The positive ROCE would provide the positi ve perspective to the investor and the business would get the fund (Sinha, 2012).The recommendation would be to use 2/3 fund from the internal source and rest from the debt fund. This would keep the interest burden of the company low. One of the recommendations prior taking this new venture would be to forecast the business volume and calculate the business projected cash flow (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013).The equipment would wear out within 5 years and for that reason this project needs to be profitable before this period. The business is not using the alternative project because it is only adding value to the previous business but the first alternative would provide new sources of income and its matches the growth potential. Conclusion The business situation shows that the profit level and the liquidity level are good. The business is in the growth phase. The comparison with the industrial benchmark indices shows that the business is within in the level. Considering this the business would invest in the first proposal as that has much more potential because of the recent popularity of the kite surfing (Brigham and Houston, 2012).To cash that prospect the new investment would be appropriate by using the business internal and external sources of fund. Reference Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012).Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2012).Business analysis valuation: Using financial statements. Cengage Learning. Higgins, R. C. (2012).Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Penman, S. H., and Penman, S. H. (2007).Financial statement analysis and security valuation(p. 476). New York: McGraw-Hill. Shapiro, A. C. (2008).Multinational financial management. John Wiley Sons. Sinha, G. (2012).Financial statement analysis. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..

Water Pollution in India Essay Example

Water Pollution in India Paper In a house that was near the Ganges River, there lived a wealthy family that was doing their chores. This family included a mother, father, and a boy. The boy in this family was named Catatonia meaning consciousness in English. While Catatonia was doing his daily chores that day, his mother came over and asked him if he was willing to do an extra chore for her. This chore was washing clothes in the Ganges River. Catatonia told her that he was happy to do that for her. His mother gave him the clothes that she wanted him to wash and then went straight down to the Ganges River. He looked at the filthy eater with a disgusted look on his face and then told himself that he was not going to wash his families clothes in this water. Pollution and specifically water pollution is a problem facing the entire world; however it is a serious problem facing India today. This includes most of Indians rivers. Unfortunately, Indians holiest river, which is the Ganges is involved in this situation. The Ganges River is located in the North Eastern part of India. This river is Indians holiest river because of the main pilgrimage site for Hindus to travel to and when they do they perform many rituals in it. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is one of many reasons of why Indians water pollution rates are very high. Three chief reasons of why Indians water pollution rates are very high are because of the poor education system, how the Indian Government is spending its money, and the condition of the infrastructure. The quality of the education system is one of the main reasons why the water pollution rates are very high in India. This is because it is not up to the standard as compared to many developed countries, such as the USA and Canada. Because this is the case, most of the citizens of India dont know how to take care of the environment. This includes how to dispose their garbage, how to make proper sewage systems, and how to clean water so that it can be drinkable or usable to wash things with. One of the problems that is causing the education system of India to become weak is the percentage of children who are not in school. Currently only about 1 1% out of all of Indians people who are under the age of 25 go to tertiary institutions. This is low because the world average of this particular problem is 23% (Praiseworthy, http://thievishnesss. Net). This affects the quality of water because if people do not attend school, then they will very little understanding about how to take care of the environment. Another one of the problems that is causing the education system of India to become weak is because of how high the literacy rates in the country are. This includes both men and women. This also includes people with disabilities. As of 2001, the percentage of the citizens in India that are literate is 65. 38%. This includes both men and women. As The mens percentage was 75. 85%. The womens percentage was 54. 16%. This increased from 5% in 1 901. The reason why it increased is because the education system has improved. (Government of India, http://an. Iv. Bib. UNESCO. Org). This affects the quality of water because if people know how to read, then they would better understand how important it is to take care of the environment. A third problem that is causing the education system of India to become weak is how high the poverty rates are. This includes both rural and urban poverty. Currently, around 38% of the citizens of India are poor. This is about 380 million people (SAD INDIA FOUNDATION, towpath. Gadding. Org). Also, 75. % of Indians population lives under $2. 00 per day (Hub, Carl and O. P. Sahara, http://www. BRB. Org). This shows that poor people usually have very large families and they need a great deal of water for their everyday life. The Indian Government is very aware about this situation. Since they are aware of it, they are introducing new things to improve it. One of the things that they are introducing is a r adio program that will inform the people about or how they should take care of the environment. They have introduced this because they believe that this program would cover more than 80% of the country and its population. In the end, this radio program could be helpful since a lot of people in India are or, but they still have access to radios. The Indian Government will then try to increase the awareness and understanding of the connection between human and the environment (Government of India, http://India. Gob. In). Another thing that the Indian Government is introducing is environmental education for school children. They have done this by introducing a program for schools that is all about sanitation and hygiene. This includes hand washing infrastructure to clean water, and washing storage (Government of India, http://www. Amandine. Org). To teach these children, they have made a cartoon book and an activity manual for teachers. The cartoon book and teachers manual is mainly for primary school students and teaches sanitation and personal hygiene. Since they are doing this, the possibility of the water pollution levels of their country would possibly be lower (Government of India, http://www. Cand ida. Org). Lack of education in India is not the only reason why water pollution rates are very high there. In addition to that, the way the government spends money is another reason why water pollution levels are so high. This is because they are not spending enough of their money on things that are necessary to improve their citizens lives. The Indian Government currently only spends about 3. 4% oftener money on health care and 12. 7% of their money on education (http://womb. Vicariousness. Com). Compared to some other countries in the world, such as the US (19. 3%), Norway (17. 9%), and Swedes (13. 8%) percent of the budget they spend on health care, the amount of money that India spends on health care is quite small (http:// www. Vicariousness. Com). Because of this, this is part of the reason why the water pollution rates are high there. Also, Compared to some other countries around the world, such as Mexico (24. 3%), Iran (17. 7%), and South Africa 18. 5%), the amount of money that India spends on education is not sufficient (http://www. Vicariousness. Com). As a result, this is also part of the reason why the water pollution rates are substantially high there too. As for how much the Indian Government is spending on reducing the high rates of river pollution, they have spent almost 20 billion rupees or 500 million US dollars (http://www. Gists. Com). This is causing the water pollution standard of India to be low. In addition to the lack of the education system and how much money the government is spending on things that their country would benefit room, industrialization is another reason of why the water pollution levels are very high in India. This is mainly due to how people and factories dispose of pollutants into water resources, but in some rivers, such as the Ganges, there are more reasons of why the water pollution levels are high. When people or factories do this, they cause various illnesses that people could catch if they use that water for bathing, drinking, or swimming. Some of the diseases that are caused by the polluted water are infections which are caused by animal waste and cancer (Humphreys, http://www. W. Suites 01 . Com). One water source that has been affected is the Ganges River. This is mainly because many of the cities that are along this river are extremely industrialized and most of those factories dump their pollutants into it because they dont have sufficient treatment facilities. This is also because of the many rituals that Hindus perform with it (http://WV. W. Gists. Com). One of these rituals that Hindus perform with the Ganges River is whenever a Hindu has died, they cremate that persons body and then scatter its ashes all around the river. They do this because they believe that it will cleanse the souls of their sins (V, http://www. Hundredweights. Com). A place where this happens frequently is in the city of Varnish, which is Indians holiest city that is located on the Ganges River. To support this, there are currently about 40,000 cremations that take place there every year (http://www. Gists. Com). This is As for industries dumping their pollutants into it, there are 29 Class cities (cities that have a population of over 100,000), 23 Class II cities (Cities that have a population between 50,000 and 1 00,000), and 48 towns that are scattered along the Ganges River that have many of their industries doing this. These industries include both tanneries and factories (Panicked, http://womb. Earth. Org). Some of the pollutants that most of these industries dump into the Ganges River are sulfuric acid, chromium sulfate, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury (Hammer, http://www. Smithsonian. Com). Another river that has been affected because of this happening is the Yamaha River. This is because people have been putting large amounts of partially treated and untreated water into it. The source of the pollution is along the banks of the river. ((Panicked, http://WV. Earth. Org). The Indian Government is very aware of his problem. They are solving it by prohibiting the disposal of pollutants into water resources and enacted a law that requires any people to request permission if they could pollute it. Specifically, they are putting in sewage treatment systems in 25 Class cities which are along the Ganges River ((Panicked, http://WV. Earth. Org). They have also spent over 4 billion dollars on trying to clean the Ganges River too (Paola, http:// web. Obscenest. Com). In conclusion, Indians water pollution rates are really high because of its weak education system, the ways of how the Indian Government is using its money, and the current status of the infrastructure. This is a prob lem because it affects the quantity of deaths that happen in this country and also makes a lot of the citizens health to be poor. This is also a problem because it could affect the rest of the worlds water polluted too. In order for this problem to be fixed, Indians Government needs to make sure that all of their county has proper sewage systems, a strong De cantonal system that clearly explains to its citizens about how to take care of the environment. Annotated List of Works Cited: Environmental Pollution in India. Gists. Com. N. P. , 2006. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. Government of India. Environmental Education, Awareness, Education India-Gob. In. N. P. , 2005. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.. Training. Government of India. Ministry of Human Resource Development. Status of Education in India National Report. New Delhi, India: National De cantonal Planning Administration, 2008. UNESCO. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) wrote this government publication because they wanted to inform people about how the educational system in India works so that those people would e able to understand more about the country of India. UNESCO mainly wrote this publication for people who like to learn more about how things work in other countries. This document is biased because it tries to persuade people that Indians education system is weak. This government publication is useful because it clearly explains a very detailed picture about Indians education system. This helped to provide evidence about Indians current education system. UNESCO does this by giving good examples of what the current status are about how Indians education system is progressing. One example of this is that they state the current literacy rate percentage for both men and women altogether. School Sanitation and Hygiene Project. Icelandic. Org. N. P. , n. D. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.. Hammer, Joshua. A Prayer for the Ganges. Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian. Mom. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. Joshua Hammer is a staff writer for the Smithsonian Magazine. He wrote this article because he wanted people to realize that they need to start doing something so that global warming stops. Joshua Hammer mainly wrote this article for people who are interested in reading about problems that are errantly hipping around the world. This article is biased because Joshua Hammer show s that India has many problems associated with water pollution. This article is useful because it gives a real life story about how the people that live by the Ganges River are affected. This article is also useful because it gives useful facts about what the Ganges River is and how it is used. Hub, Carl, and O. P. Sahara. What Is Poverty Really? The Case of India. population Reference Bureau. N. P. , 2011. Web. 14 Mar. 201 1. Carl Hub and O. P. Sharmas are from the BRB (Population Reference Bureau. The BRB is a publicly and privately funded organization looking at population and environment around the world. The main reason why Carl Hub and O. P Sahara wrote this article is because they wanted to inform people about how the current poverty status in India is progressing. The people who Carl Hub and O. P. Sahara mainly wrote this website is for people who want to understand why the country of India is very poor. This article is not biased because it is just stating the facts of the current poverty status in India. This article is useful because it gives great examples of what he poverty levels in India are at this moment. One of these examples includes what the minimum income of most citizens of India receive daily, which is 16 Indian Rupees or $0. 35 in US Dollars. How Countries Spend Their Money. Vicariousness. Com. N. P. , 2010. Web. 14 Mar. 2011.. Humphreys, Elizabeth. The Effects of Water pollution on Health. Suited (2009). Pant. Elizabeth Humphreys is a staff writer for Suited. She wrote this article because she wanted other people to know about how water pollution affects their health so that whenever they have an opportunity to swim in water that s polluted they will already know some of the health issues that they could receive. Elizabeth Humphreys mainly wrote this article for people who are interested in learning about environmental issues, such as air pollution and water pollution. This article talks about this situation that is currently happening all over the world. This article is biased because it tries to persuade and warn people about things that could happen to them if they swim in water that is polluted. This article is useful because it clearly explains how water gets polluted around the world and how it affects peoples health. This article is also useful because it gives some great examples Of some diseases/health issues that people could get if they swam in polluted water, such as cancer and tooth decay. Praiseworthy, Shave. Education System of India: Its Functions, Drawbacks, and Its Contribution. Thievishnesss. Net. N. P. , 13 July 2009. Web. 15 Mar. 201 1.. Paola, Kyoto Hotter. How Indians Success Is Killing Its Holy River. Time 19 July 2010. Obscenest. Com. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. Kyoto Thomas is a staff writer for Time. He wrote this article because they wanted other people to understand more about what causes rivers to be polluted. In this article, she is specifically talking about the Ganges River, which is the holiest river in India.

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buy custom Play essay Host: Hello, this is me, Name and Last Name with you, and you are listening to Get Smart. Today, I am going to talk about the online classes. They are becoming extremely popular with time, and they provide people with an opportunity not only to learn, but also to socialize. Many researchers have spoken about the effects of the online classes on students stating that such classes had a positive influence on interaction with others. I would like to introduce Lin Muilenburg to you who spoke about online classes being a powerful socialization tool. For example, in one of her works she stated that overcoming the lack of social interaction in online courses is major contributor to the decision to continue with online learning (Muilenburg Berge, 2005, p. 44). Is that right, Lin? Guest: Hello, yes, it is right! Hi, guys, my name is Lin Muilenburg. The quote you mentioned actually comes from the article I wrote in cooperation with another expert, Zane Berge. Together, we were working on analysis of online classes and their effects on students. As you know, students nowadays like to take new approaches to learning because they feel there is so much more they can get with technologies being implemented in education. Tht is why they enroll in online classes. Nevertheless, many students fear that with online education, they will be able to learn more, but socialize less. Overcoming the lack of social interaction, as I and my co-author described in the article, was a major issue for success of online courses. Still, I would like to add that institutions have already done a lot in this direction providing students with the possibility to communicate more. We have to understand that remote and online classes do not mean the absence of interaction or socialization; wh at is meant by them is that socialization is going to be performed in a different way. Host: I cannot agree with you more. We should not forget that online classes are just a different type of classes, but they are still classes in a general sense. We have another expert in the studio who may expand on this topic a little bit more. It is Kimberly Hardy who came up with interesting numbers stating that there was an 8.2 percent increase for distance education enrollmentssubstantially higher than the overall increase in national campus enrollments (Hardy Meyer-Griffith, 2012, p. 7). Hi, Kimberly! Guest: Hello, it is a pleasure to be here. I am very pleased to talk to you as well as meet you, Lin. Yes, there has been an increase in the number of students enrolled in online classes, and, as Lin has mentioned, there have been some worries about socialization in this situation; but online classes are very good for socialization in fact. I did a research with my colleague Katie Meyer-Griffith, and we came to the conclusion that online classes provide students with the possibility to socialize effectively because they have a chance to interact online. Even more, they are given an amazing opportunity to communicate with people from various territories and areas, which is not possible with typical classes. As a result, they can make more friends and get a greater perspective on the world around them. They are also able to learn more about accepting new people into their circle because online classes show them the importance of being able to communicate with people effectively without actually seeing them. Online classes are great for socialization because they provide students with the possibility to test their social skills and measure them with more challenging tasks. Host: Thank you, Kimberly. Thank you, Lin. Surely, it was an interesting conversation. Hopefully, our listeners liked it, and we will be right back with you after a short ad. Buy custom Play essay

Creating the Decision Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Creating the Decision Environment - Essay Example Groupthink occurs when the group is highly cohesive and when they are pressured to make better decisions .this occurs when pressure from the unanimity seem to be more influential. Additionally, the group pressure leads to carelessness and irrational thought since the groups experiencing the considerable group thinking fails to take the alternative as they seek to maintain unanimity. Most decisions that are shaped by group thinking have a lower probability of achieving successful results. Group thinking has become a consequential phenomenon that occurs because of the desired groups being in a consensus and therefore overriding the people’s common sense. The desire to represent the alternative and assessing critically the position, at the same time expressing the unpopular view of the group. The desires of the group that come into a common cohesion cause a very effective drive upon a good decision making strategy and an appropriate style to solve any arising problems. When pressures for unanimity seem overwhelming, members are less motivated to reasonably consider the alternative courses of action available to them.  These group pressures lead to carelessness and irrational thinking since groups experiencing groupthink fail to consider all alternatives and seek to maintain unanimity. In fact, groupthink is not commonly recognized in that Groupthink is a behavior that is found in some situations or even across several types of groups in the team settings. It is therefore important to look out for the key symptoms as group thinking involves the following symptoms: After a number of successes the group starts feeling like any decision that they make is the best and the most right one because of the common disagreement from any other source. The brainstorming technique has helped in allowing the ideas to flow freely with no disapproval. Peer pressure expresses itself in and opposing opinion of the team members and questions that are rationale behind their

The Real Person of 21st-century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Real Person of 21st-century - Essay Example The present study focuses on an understanding of the real person of the 21st century focusing on their inner and outer selves and how the actions of the outer self get justified by the inner self and how with age, the inner self gets surrendered to the outer self. Existence of Human Beings as Two Selves: The Inner Self and the Outer Self: As Woofenden mentioned in his studies, â€Å"Everyone has an inner and an outer part, but these are different in a good person than in a harmful person† (Woofenden). The difference between the good and the harmful persons lie in the fact that in case of a good person, the inner part is found to exist in the heaven along with parts of light, and the outer part exists in the world along with the light. On the other hand, in case of a harmful person, both the inner and the outer selves exist in the world with the light and there is no existence of his self in the heaven. It can also be said that in harmful people, the inner self does not exist a t all (Woofenden). By inner self of a human being is meant the â€Å"subtle core present within every being without which the existence of the body itself gets negated. The body is there for our Inner self is there. The Inner self can live without the body but the body cannot sustain on its own† (Kumar). When a person is born, even in the 21st century, the inner self is also born along with the person. If the inner self had not been present, the body of the human being would not have lived. The presence of the inner self can be realized with the implementation of â€Å"only the power of discrimination and logistics that makes a man arrive at the right conclusions† (Kumar). There are several researchers who have conducted their studies on the existence of the two selves of human beings. Considering the persons of the 21st century, views from researchers reflect that the subconscious mind of the people represents their inner selves. While on the other hand, the outer sel f is represented by the conscious mind of the human being. The outer self is vulnerable and subjected to different external influences including education, persuasion, intimidation, pressure from the peers and close ones, propaganda, as well as illusions and delusions prevalent in the surroundings. For the outer self of a human being, it is essential to understand the evolution of mankind, and hence accept the intellectuality depending on which they need to carry themselves and their behavior in the society. When there is a separation between the inner and outer self of a human being, it is referred to as neurosis. Neurosis generally represents emotional or psychological disturbances within the human being (Hughes 57). With the outer self of the human being present and living in the world, there is a constant development of self awareness that happens within a human being, particularly in the conscious mind of the human being. The outer self constantly develops the nature and behavi or of the persons for their thoughts and feelings enabling them to make the correct decisions for their living in the society. On the other hand, most of the time, human beings are not aware of their inner selves as they are unconscious about it. However for the 21st century real person, it is essential that the evolution of the mankind and the direction of the

European Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

European Business Environment - Essay Example The Euro is the first currency that was introduced without the backing of any single country, and rather had a large number of stakeholders with no one really ready to take full responsibility. The single currency posed many challenges to some of the nations whose policies were not flexible enough and those with regulated markets. From the very first day, economists feared that any external adjustment to the Eurozone would transfer financial issues to the inflexible markets through the currency and exchange rates. Any shock would result in changes to the exchange rate which will create problems for nation who had inflexible markets such as a labor market. Another issue is the lack of supervision that was assigned to the banks of the nations in the Eurozone. The Irish bank, for example, gained its finances from the German and French banks but there no check on the limit of the borrowing from the Irish bank. Soon after the Irish bank found itself into trouble, it also affected the Euro pean Central Bank. The situation was sort of similar to the U.S. Federal Reserve where it serves as the central bank of several states. In this case, the European Central Bank served as the central bank of several nations and it had to keep the borrowing of its member nations into check at all points of time. However, there was no such policy present to keep this check and the banks were given permission to borrow, which eventually resulted in over-borrowing of funds of banks from external sources and thus the Eurozone economies faced such financial shocks. The European Central Bank is actually a very weak institution by design since its inception. It has a very limited authority to influence the financial position of the countries under Eurozone. Let alone the powers to influence, the ECB also as a limited set of supervisory roles that any of the central bank would have. The ECB does not have the authority to buy any of the Eurozone country debt which limits its power as a central bank and its role to correct the errors made by individual nations. Not just this, unlike the other central banks of nations throughout the world, the sole mandate of the ECB is inflation. By law, the European Central Bank had no authority to interfere to correct the unemployment issues and could only take measures that corrected the issues related to inflation. (Skaperdas, n.d.) Another issue is that the European Central Bank only has the power of implementing the monetary policies and it could not influence the fiscal policies, which were controlled by the individual nations. In the modern world, most of the financial issues are addressed though fiscal policies which trigger or control the economic growth and inflation levels. Therefore, the different fiscal policies implemented by the numerous member nations resulted in different impacts of the financial crisis in 2008. In order to overcome the differing monetary and fiscal policies in the region, the member nation signed the Sta bility and Growth Pact to have a fiscal discipline and keep the debt levels and budget deficits within acceptable limits. However, the pact failed primarily due to a lack of commitment on part of the member nations and they continued to violate the condition set under the pact. The commission in charge under the pact proposed a one-size-fits-all policy which was inappropriate and unpopular because the member

The Survival Of Handloom Industy

The Survival Of Handloom Industy A device which is used to weave cloth is called loom. A part from being important source of livelihood, handlooms has remained saviors of the various traditional inherited skills of weavers over generations. The level of artistic ability and sophistication achieved in handloom fabrics are unparallel and only one of its kind. The handloom can meet up all needs from exquisite fabrics to everyday use. Spinning and weaving were the national industries of India down to the commencement of the nineteenth century. The spinning-wheel and the handloom were universally in use; and it is scarcely an exaggeration to state the nearly half the adult female population of India eked out the incomes of their husbands and their fathers by the profits of their own labour. It was an industry peculiarly suited to Indian village life. Each woman brought her cotton from village market, and sold her yarn to the village weaver who supplied merchants and traders with cotton. Vast quantities of piece goods, thus manufactured, were exported by the Arabs, the Dutch, and the Portuguese; and the European nations competed with each other for this lucrative trade with India. This paper talks about the survival of handloom industry in India, during 19th and early 20th century, by examining the multilayered structural shifts in Indias handloom industry initiated by Raj. Historians of Indian industrialization measured that the rich artisan tradition in the region had suffered a catastrophic distress in the nineteenth century, after imported European manufacturer began to flood Indian market. Taken as a whole in the time period covered in the paper, handicraft producing small firms and industries showed much turmoil and increasing isolation. While many industries lost the market, some of them managed to settle in by reconditioning old silks to apply new goods. The first section talks about slowdown in handloom industries due to policy followed by British government in Britain for promotion of her domestic industries and in India to meet the requirements of the manufacturers of Lancashire. The second section talks about transport revolution which lowered the prices of machine textile and helped in market penetration. The third section talks about survival of exquisite fabrics and high value added products. This paper also talks about the supply side harms due to the disbanding of Mughal supremacy in 18th century. The later section talks about the experience of famine and Swadeshi moment which forced the British authorities in India to resuscitating handloom industries. Policy followed by British government British, who initially entered in India as traders, established East India Company in 1600 AD and tried to acquire monopoly in trade of India. In 1765, East India Company got Diwani (right to collect tax revenue) of Bengal. Having right to collect revenue in Bengal, Company stopped importing of gold and silver. Gold and silver compensated for goods imported by Britain. The roused demand for cotton textile was curtailed by harsh protectionist measures during period 1700-1846. 125 years long commercial and unfair policy followed by British government is one of the grounds for reversal of pattern of trade in cotton textile between Britain and India in the early 19th century. First attempt was initiated in 1700 to ban Indian printed and painted clothes. This continued till 1846 to do all achievable to retain bullion with them. High tariffs to quantitative restrictions were levied on Indian textile. Only under such a ruthless commercial policy it was possible for them to reverse the pattern of trade by coping manufacture of the textiles. As textile market is segmented, they had to compel tariffs even after ban imposed in 1700 and 1721. Additional ad valorem duty was also imposed to avoid Indian export to Britain. The tariffs ranged between 27 and 71 per cent in 1813 and were further increased to 37-67% in 1824 and were completely abolished only in 1846. With this prejudice, Britain was not only able to take over the export market of India but also expanded to in domestic market of India. Tariff rates for import of muslins, calicoes other cotton clothes manufacturers in Britain  [1]   Year Tariffs (in %) 1813 27-71 1824 37-75 1830 30-10 1846 Abolished These procedures supported and atmosphere where innovation of textile machinery could take place. The machine made fabrics out-competed handloom fabrics of India. Meanwhile the Indian legislature passed various acts between 1833 and 1853 to regulate Trade and Navigation and to fix the Tariffs. The duties levied on some principal articles imported into India in 1852 are: Articles Imported Duty Cotton and silk piece goods, British 5% Cotton and silk piece goods, Foreign 10% Cotton thread, twist and yarns, British 3% Cotton thread, twist and yarns, Foreign 7% (Source: The Economic History of India Vol. 2, R C Dutt) In 1859 duties on all articles of luxury were raised to 20 per cent; duties on other articles, including cotton piece good, were raised to 10 per cent and those on cotton twist and yarns to 5 per cent, on account of the heavy financial pressure after the mutiny. The 20 per cent duty on luxuries was reduced to 10 per cent, and the 5 per cent duty on cotton twist and yarns was raised to 10 per cent by Mr. James Wilson the first Finance Minister of India, in 1860 so that the import tariff consisted a uniform rate of 10 per cent. [Dutt: 1956] This somehow protected the domestic market of handloom industries. The tariff on cotton twist and yarn was reduced to 5 per cent in 1861 which was further reduced to 3.5 per cent in later part of 1861. In 1874, a mandate came from England that old genuine proceeds, derived from a moderate import duty, should be forgone to meet the requirements of the manufacturers of Lancashire. When every civilized government on earth is endeavoring to help home manufactures, the Indian government had cruelly repressed the handloom industry. Rapid development of the cotton textile industry in Britain bust indigenous industry in India. No state assistance was rendered in response of the devastation of indigenous handloom in India. It is important to note that indigenous traditional handloom industry constituted enormous part of industrial sector in India. Jawaharlal Nehru  [2]  blamed squarely in colonial economic policy, which almost entirely eschew tariff protection and did zero to help nurture Indian industry. 19th century nationalist Dadabhai Naoroji, D D Kosambi and R C Dutt have made similar arguments in their work. The newly independent Latin American, the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand raised their tariffs to enormous height on imported manufacturers which made the matter worse [Williamson : 2005]. Transport Revolution From about 1810 to 1860, productivity advance resulting from the adoption of the factory system drove down the relative price of textiles world-wide, a trend that was magnified as a world transport revolution lowered the price of European textile imports even further everywhere in the periphery. By the 1830s India transformed into exporter of raw cotton, opium, indigo, etc like raw materials. There was a gigantic fall in her share in world manufacture production. The share in 1750 was 24.5% which declined to 6.9% in 1830. American civil war (1861-1865) led cotton prices to rouse high. It also led Indian farmers to turn towards cultivation of raw cotton. New high tariffs in old open export bazaar, European factory based productive intensification and unable to shield own markets with tariffs, the Indian handloom industry became less profitable. As if this were not enough, another powerful global event-transport revolution- induced negative price shock [Shah Mohammad and Williamson: 2004] Railway rates created incentives not only for the geographical reorganization of Indias economic activity but also for the types of production on which it could specialize. That industry was put at a comparative disadvantage was soon recognized. Nationalists complained bitterly about the impact of the structure of rates on infant industries, particularly those not located at the ports. It was not only the structure of rates but their high level that hindered the development of Indian industry. High transport charges increased costs and made competition with foreign industry more difficult. Survival of handloom producing high value added products The power driven looms was on an average four to six times faster than the hand-driven loom. Why, in the presence of such a wide productivity gap, did the handloom survive at all? Technological improvements and organizational changes led cost to decline. Unless traditional industry tailored its manufacturing process to the new know-how at least partially to internalize these cost returns, it could not prolong as a viable system. Such adjustment itself wasnt an adequate form to guarantee the survival of cottage industry against competition from mass manufactured goods. The former could carry on only when the circumstances existed in the home market which put a premium on feature other than lower prices, as was strikingly visible in the case high quality, luxurious cotton fabrics and silk. For high value added products, labour incentive techniques sustained to be competitive, while they could not position up against mass consumption produce with economies of large scale production. In the case of textiles which were closely recognized with the socio-cultural ethos of particular regions of populace, pattern of continued existence was visible. But it is important to note that none of these products catered to a high income market. Roy says, Craft traditions in India were extremely diverse. They contained intermediate good (for example, cotton yarn and dyes), tools for the peasants (ploughshare or hand implements), consumer goods for the poor (coarse cloth, pottery for daily use, grain milling) and commodities for well-off consumer or the export market (decorated cloth, silk, brassware, carpets, leather goods). The industrial revolution more or less decimated the first three classes. These goods were standardized in quality and could be produced in masses with machines.  [3]  Interestingly, the surviving artisans gained from globalization by obtaining access to imported raw materials, distant markets, and useful knowledge. These adaptations, however, didnt happen everywhere, but remained concentrated in certain towns and cities. Supply Side Forces We have already looked in to enhanced British productivity, first in cottage goods and then in factory production, led to declining world textile prices, making handloom production in India increasing unviable. Declining sea freight rates and expansion of railway in India also toughened these forces and served to foster trade and specialization for both Britain and India. As a result, Britain first won Indias export market and in due course took over of its home market as well [Roy: 2002]. Terms of trade improved significantly in Indias commodity export sector compared to textile, which led the former draw workers away from textile. But we have not yet considered the local supply side forces like rising incidence of drought and political fragmentation. The disbanding of Mughal supremacy in 18th century led to aggregate supply-side harms for Indian handloom manufactures, even though producers in some area benefited from the fresh order. Profound secular corrosion in climate conditions in the century or so following the early 1700s led greatly to slump in agricultural productivity. Jeffrey G. Williamson believes handloom manufacturing could have been affected through several channels following the dissolution of Mughal hegemony. The first is a decline in overall agricultural yield through an increased rent burden, shifting of settlements due to insecurity, and warfare. Increased of the prices of grain (key non-tradable) and therefore in relative prices of non-tradable to tradable (textiles) was reflection of reduced agricultural yield. Grain being dominant consumption good for workers and grain wages being close to subsistence must have put an upward pressure on the nominal wages in handloom which was being exported [Chaudhary : 1978, pp 299-300]. Downward pressure on profit from both above and below was put by declining textile prices and rising nominal wages. As a result of increased rent burden productivity must have suffered and there is no reason to believe revenue lumber to turn down when British became rules of the successors state. Engagement in territorial disputes by rules of the successor states may also have increased the rent burden reflected by military expenses. Disturbance in Indias major trade routes and increased insurance and transportation cost was because of political fragmentation and warfare. The scarcity of bullock, medium of long distance transpiration, power resulting from warfare must have increased transpiration costs. Fragmentary evidence that insurance rates must have gone up during 18th century has also been argued by Irfan Habib (2003). So, we can say that long before Britain flooded the overseas textile bazaar with factory made products, the rise in nominal wages would have slowly eroded the long standing sources of Indian competitiveness in those markets. After 1800, Indian textile exports could not withstand the competition of English factory-produced cotton in the world market [Moosvi: 2002] The problems faced by handloom industry in survival can be explained in two main eons. The first eon which was direct result of poor climate conditions and indirect result of the fall of Mughal hegemony ran till mid 19th century. The weakening of climate conditions raised nominal wages and thus lowered Indias competitiveness with England and other textile producers of world. Further expansion of revenue farming led to increase in the rent burden, warfare increased the prices and regional trade with the sub-continent declined. Indias competitiveness in export market was hut all more by the increase in nominal wages. Also the inter-sector terms of trade moved against Indian handloom production, encouraging a shift to agricultural commodity production like raw cotton, opium, indigo etc. In the second eon, productivity advancement resulting from industrial revolution drove down the relative price of textiles world-wide. Also the transport revolution in world and expansion of railway in India lowered the prices of European textile imports everywhere. Comparative advantage factor According to K N Chaudhary comparative advantage, which has been strengthened by productivity advance on the land or by increasing openness in world economy or both, in agricultural export sector was another possibility of deindustrialization of Indian handloom industry. Increased openness and unambiguous terms of trade improvement are the causes of comparative advantages. In the latter stage this causes lack of competence, little incentive to maximize prospective output and limitation of market of handloom industry. Thus, India lost its manufacturings output share to Britain. Special Case of Central Province of India The rise of British Power, competition from British imported cloth which was because of spread of British imperialism and railway combined with supply constraints led to decline of handloom products. But this decline didnt occur simultaneously or affected all weaving castes equally. British export laced the detailed understanding of Indian tastes in matter of fashion, style and color which would enable to enter the bazaar effectively. The examination of Indian handloom goods was ordered by Secretary of State for India to see which of them could be supplied by British manufacturers and remedy absence. This official, J. Forbes Watson, had samples of all key handloom products that were in the Indian Museum in London collected into 18 large volumes. Apart from knowing fabrics worn in India, it was also crucial to know how the garments was worn, for what purpose, by which sex, why certain provision of ornamentation were adopted. Watson pointed out that Europe would in all probability by no means be able to make such items as handloom brocades and embroideries cheaper than India. He commented, This leads us to remark that there are certain fabrics which will probably always be best and most cheaply manufactured by hand. British manufacturers met the requisite of Indian bazaar from survey and collection of specimens. At the very time Watsons exertion became accessible, the price of cotton was brought down by end of American civil war and railway from Bombay Nagpur was completed (February 1867). These events were followed by flood of British imports. End of nineteenth century Two decades years later, it is understandable that the handloom industry was facing rigorous competition. The volume of imports was piercingly up and volume of export of country cloth even more stridently down. What is more important to note that average prices of textile were down in both classes, but they were more so for the native products. As if this were not enough, the indigenous products also started to face some competition from Indian machine made clothes by the end of nineteenth century [four power looms were operating in Central Provinces, two of them in Nagpur, one in Hinganghat and one in Jubbulpore]. Then with the arrival of twentieth century, imitation silk cloth in large quantities from Japan entered the Indian bazaar. The imitation silk cloth was cheaper than both Manchester and Indian cloth. Since better off classes still bought fine clothes with silk borders, the section of industry that specialized in producing these clothes survived, but with diminishing production. Because of cheapness and appearance of English cloth, it supplanted the products of country handloom. The handlooms were again hit hard in famine of 1899. Edgar Thurston  [4]  stated that there was a favorable public response to these cheap imitations of Indian material. He also comments that good taste was the least significant amongst the factors in determining demand. The following two tables talks about average consumption of available yarn by sector from 1906-07 to 1908-9 and from 1916-17 to 1918-19 and sources of cloth supply from 1906-7 to 1908-9 and from 1916-17 to 1918-19. This gives us concrete evidence on fall of handloom industry. Annual average consumption of available yarn by sector 1906-7 to 1908-9 and 1916-17 to 1918-19 (Million lbs.)  [5]   1906/7-1908/9 1916/17-1918/19 Total available yarn 689 (100%) 685 (100%) Consumed by Cotton Mills 162 (23.5%) 338 (49.4%) Handlooms 282 (40.9%) 194 (28.3%) Export 245 (35.6%) 153 (22.3%) Sources of cloth supply 1906-7 to 1908-9 and 1916-17 to 1918-19 (Annual averages in million yards)  [6]   1906/7-1908/9 1916/17-1918/19 (%) (%) Total available cloth 3839 (100) 3418 (100) Produced by: Indian mill 667 (17.1) 1301 (38.0) Imports 2154 (55.3) 1397 (40.9) Handlooms 1072 (27.6) 720 (21.1) Per capita availability 12.6 yards 9.8 yards Home handloom output suffered significantly, between the two periods it felled by one-third. This is clear from second table. Handloom sector never fully recovered from this blow. Dharma Kumar in The Cambridge Economic History of India says, We dont know how the curtailment of Indian yarns sales affected foreign handlooms, but second table makes it clear that domestic handloom output suffered substantially, falling by one-third between the two periods. This was a blow from which the handicraft sector never fully recovered. Finally, when the English imports fell off. That finer market was partly taken over by Japanese mills using American cotton. Some good news at the end The incident of famine forced the government to discard its dogmatic loyalty to laissez-faire doctrines of non-intervention policy in the economy and caused the British establishment in India to breathe new life into cottage industries. At the beginning of the twentieth century two factors caused the British authorities in India to consider resuscitating cottage industries such as handloom weaving. One was the experience of the famines which forced the government to abandon its dogmatic adherence to laissez-faire doctrines of non-intervention in the economy. Encouragement was also provided by the Swadeshi (home-produced) movement launched by Indian nationalist in 1905. Low  [7]  wrote, following the blows wreaked by the cycle famines, handloom industry had undergone something of revival. In the first decade of twentieth century, harvest was generally good. Prices for agricultural produce were in general high and because of famine and plague mortality, there was demand for labour, which was in short supply. Increased spending on public works and railways, sudden extension of the mining industry were undertaken to make good. For all these grounds wages rose, trade flourished, and there was a boost in demand for better sort of handloom goods. 3.5 per cent duty on imported and Indian mill manufactured cloth was imposed in February 1896. Because of this duty, some price advantage was received by handloom industry. Bread and Butter The machine made fabrics were cheaper then hand looms fabrics but still complete washout was not possible. The rationale for this was that a number of the fragment could by no means be produced. Other people have also argued that sustained attachment to the coarse cloth by poor and unskilled labors wage was much below that of the weavers and fulltime weaver did the weaving job as part time jobs. Land in England was owned by great landlord; the agriculturists were mere farmers and laborers. Where as in India land belonged principally to small cultivators who have their own hereditary rights in their holding. The landlord, were he existed, cannot get rid of those cultivators so long as they paid their rents. Similarly, the various industries in Indian villages were carried on by humble artisans in their own villages and huts. The idea large factories, owned by capitalist and worked by paid hand, were foreign to the Indian mind. An individual man- in dignity and aptitude, in prudence and sovereignty- is at his best when he labour in his own field or his own loom, rather than when he is paid laborer under big landlord or wage earner in huge factory. And every Indian believes that landlordism cannot replace the small cultivation and that home industries will survive the assault of capitalism (which is true even today in twenty first century). Conclusion R C Dutt articulated nearly 100 years ago that Britain had transformed India from an exporter of manufactured goods to an importer of cloth, using political power to keep down a competitor with whom the British manufactured could not have completed on normal terms. For the craft production in India, the late 19th century can be designated as a period of structural crisis when industrial organization were in direct confrontation, and the survival of handicrafts depended on their ability to compete in terms of cost and price advantages, superiority of the quality or the artistic merits of handicraft products. The crisis point reached only in the last quarter of the 19th century when the discovery of chemical dyes resulted in significant economies of scale, and mass-produced cloth began to compete with indigenous materials in Indian markets. Later on, when power-looms had entirely supplanted hand-looms in Europe, Indian capitalist began to start cotton mills in their own country. If the pre-industrial (pre-colonial) production system failed to evolve into a modern industrial structure due to colonial policies, it then had the inherent potential to so evolve, and to compete with the technologies and large scale economies of production during transitional stage, before transforming into a modern, capitalist system.

Essay on Creon in Sophocles and Anouilhs Antigone -- Antigone essays

Creon in Sophocles' and Anouilh's "Antigone"       In both plays, Creon sees himself as a passive agent rather than a villain, only acting out a predetermined set of instructions based upon certain laws and edicts. Creon tries to give the impression that he is not really in control; if it were up to him, as an individual, things would be different. Sophocles' Creon tries to wash his hands of Antigone's death by leaving her in a sealed cave. The gods will determine her fate, so he thinks. Anouilh's Creon goes so far as to admit the "childish stupidity" of his own decree. He even confides in Antigone that he is not certain which brother's body was buried. He insists, though, that once knowledge of her act is public, the matter is entirely beyond his control. There is a point of no return past which he is powerless to act. In becoming king, an instrument of the State, Creon can no longer assert his will as an individual, morally or otherwise. Where the original Creon tried to leave matters with the gods, Anouilh's Creon points towa rd the State and its will independent of his own.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antigone's fate unfolds in both plays and Creon does not interecede. Although ironically they share a sense of powerlessness, an important distinction can be made at this point. Sophocles' Creon learns from Antigone's death. Her sacrifice acquires meaning. Anouilh's Creon is too busy with matters of state to assess Antigone's death on a personal level. Her sacrifice is inconsequential, another shot fired into the mob. The reaction of each king to Antigone's death and the carnage that ensues shapes the conclusion of each play literally and thematically.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Creon in the original play repents belatedly after learnin... ... seems to suggest that morality must or will be compromised. For Sophocles, morality helps to reinforce order, but on a cosmic, and in many ways absurd, level. Creon is forced to submit to the laws of jealous, fickle, inconstant gods. Antigone is the only advocate for the god's place in judgement over mankind and her reward is an untimely death. This "order" is beyond human comprehension. Both plays leave a reader or audience morally unsettled. We find Creon morally culpable but are left uneasy by the order established at the conclusion. Perhaps this unsettling effect was at least part of the playwrights' ultimate goal.    Works Cited Anouilh, Jean. Antigone. Rpt. in Masters of Modern Drama. Ed. Haskell M. Block and Robert G. Shedd, New York: Random House, 1962. Sophocles. Antigone. Rpt. in Ten Greek Plays. Ed. L.R. Lind, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.

Principles of public Speaking Essay

Course Name:Principles of public Speaking Assignment # 6 Title: Why banning the use of cell phones while driving should be mandatory nationwide? (With changes) General Purpose: Persuade Specific Purpose: Persuade my audience that banning the use of cell phones while driving should be mandatory nationwide Central idea: Lawmakers should pass a legislation banning the use of cell phone while driving nationwide I. Introduction: A: Cell phones are as common in the market today as a wrist watch on your arm.Every one has one including the very young as well as the extreme elderly.People are constantly talking,texting,playing games or surfing on the internet on their cell phones.These devices are harmless until individuals decided to get behing the wheel and drive.Therefore,the government should pass legislation to ban cell phone usage while driving nationwide. B: Consider that one day you get a phone call from someone telling you that there was an accident and your child is dead because a person using their cell phone was not paying attention to the road.Would you be devasted?I sure would.im sure you believe that it would never happen to you,but do you want to take that risk?how many more people have to die before you even consider the ban on cell phones while driving?According to the NHTSB,texting is 6 times more dangerous than driving intoxicated.Finally,texting is not a teen –only problem with 47% of adults admitting to texting while driving C: II. Body of the presentation: Distracted driving is an epidemic Lawmakers should act responsibly and enact measures of how to prevent innocent citizens from being a victim to these accidents.Im sure there,s more that can be done regarding this issue. As a result of this epidemic,some states have aready implemented laws in order to address this issue.Today,my mission will be to convince you to make a pledge and stop using cell phones while driving. Distracted driving is becoming a nationwide epidemic According to the AAA foundation for traffic safety,distracted driving contributes to up to 8,000 crashes every single day and the numbers are climbing unless something is done about it. Many of the cell phones being manufactured today have the capability of performing multiple task.So what happen when you hear your phone ring or buzz indicating that you have a nessage?The amount of times it takes just to acknowledge that you have a message is enough to cause a serious accident and sometimes fatal. C. This epidemic has got to the point where lawmakers need to seriously consider how to stop accidents 1. Several states have already pass laws restricting text message while driving and many require drivers to use hands-free devices while talking on the phones.since cell phone become more affordable,there has been an increase in cell phones usage while driving. 2. Statistic from a report in 2009 showed that 56% teenagers admit to talking on their cell phone behind the wheel while 13% admit to texting while driving.(Car Accident Cell) These numbers could be low because the statistic were base on information that was provided voluntary. Conclusion: In today society our technology is more advanced than ever before.So far advanced is our society,that we can easily use cell phones to speak to anyone,anywhere and at any time.For example,we can ues cell phones while driving,or speak to someone in another country.We can use them in the business world to conduct meetings or rely vital information to co-workers or conduct trade with other businesses.Cell phones are use to schedule appointmen,fax,e-mail,call for assistance,report emergencies,and keep in contact with love ones and friends.Driving while using a cell phone is very common and prove a major threat to people,s lives on the road.Cell phone must be banned while driving.

Christianity and Islam Essay

A few months ago, when a Vatican official announced that Catholicism was surpassed by Islam as the world’s largest faith, many news agencies around the world carried what seemed to have been a largely unnoticed issue for this present generation – religion. At least for some time, renewed debates about whether or not one should indeed consider Islam as a religion that commands world’s largest followers surfaced one after another. The issue many people think should not be dismissed is the fact that Christianity – a religion which combines an array of all its offshoots namely Roman Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Evangelicals, among others – still has the largest adherents compared to any other religion, including Islam. Even if Christianity may be broken down into some larger or other smaller denominations, many people subscribe to idea that since all Christians root their belief in Christ, one must take them as belonging to a singular religion, the largest in the world to be exact. To consider Christianity as a single religion involves rounds of new separate debates. Surely, when the differences between the mainstream Christian blocks and the thousand of other minor denominations are brought into the fore, their respective beliefs will manifest diversity, resemblance, opposition, and even contradiction. Tedious as this process may appear, one may not yet consider the fact that even in the Islam religion itself there are further classifications of membership that must be taken into careful account. Again, it is legitimate to inquire whether it is proper to take Islam as a unitary religion, or they too must be broken down into their finer types. As one may correctly observe, inner divisions within the world’s largest religions – Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, etc. – appear to be a fundamentally given fact. One can perhaps inquire whether it is possible to identify a major religion with millions, if not a billion of adherents, which does not have any, or have not suffered from any inner rift at any given point of its history. It may be interesting to ask therefore, what accounts for the eventual internal fall out of world religions in history? Better yet, how must we attempt to understand what happens in a religion that has been divided into smaller aggregate types in the course of history? II. Rationale and Scope This brief study presents a case for divisions transpiring within world religions. But since the scope of studying the issue is broad (considering that there are many major world religions to cite), this research shall be restricted at tackling Christianity and Islam as chosen types. Specifically, the study shall describe the events that transpired during the Catholic-Protestant divide of the mid 1500’s for Christianity, and the Shiite-Sunni divide for Islam. To be sure, there are other identifiable divisions which can be noted in the history of Christianity. While there are small schisms involving â€Å"heretics† who refuse to accept fundamental Christian teachings, Christianity is said to have been divided into two major blocks during the 11th century. It produced the dichotomization between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox, which until the present still exists. For the purposes of limiting this study, the Christian division which shall be discussed in this study shall dwell on the Luther-led Reformation of the 1500’s. Meanwhile, it is also insightful to note even in the Islam religion, there have been various types of smaller divisions and schisms. For the purposes of this study too, the rift between the Shiites and the Sunnis that was created in the early years of Islam religion shall be the one in focus. A short analysis and interpretation of the sample religions used shall comprise the conclusion of this study. III. Discussion Proper a. Nature of Religion Before relating the events defining the divisions that were experienced both by Christianity and Islam, it will be helpful to cite some theories to help explain the dynamics of religion. This is important since it shall provide a working perspective which is to be used later on in the analysis. Religion is a phenomenon which may be understood in many ways. Basically speaking, it refers to the common innate feeling or â€Å"belief in a Supreme Being† (McCutcheon, 2007, p. 22). Religion obviously stems from a belief that there is a higher being that must be worshiped or adored. But religion does not pertain to kind of personal belief alone. It also describes how a believer finds the need to belong to a community which shares the same belief, and thus obey a given set of rules within it. Thus, another definition for religion may also be expressed as a â€Å"unified system of belief and practices relative to sacred things† which â€Å"unites (believers) into one single moral community† (McCutcheon, 2007, p. 22). Combing both definitions enable one to fully appreciate the fact that religion pertains to both a personal ascent to God, and a commitment to a community, a set of rules and a specific set rituals. When seen under the lenses of scientific inquiry (e. g. anthropology, sociology, philosophy, etc. ) religion reveals patterns and dynamism consistent with human belief system, knowledge, interest and relationships. This means that religion is molded into the belief system of the believers. For instance, if Christians hold that Christ in his lifetime was compassionate to the poor, it follows that they too, since they follow Christ, must do something good for their less fortunate brethren. Or if Moslems take Mohammad as their example, and Mohammad was a deeply spiritual man, they too must not take spirituality lightly in their lives. Religious mindset is committed to certain courses of action (Slater, 1978, p. 6); and these actions are meaningful only because believers draw their identities from a person or a belief system they embrace – be it the Lordship of Christ, or the greatness of the Prophet Muhammad (Slater, 1978, p. 82). This is one of the primary reasons why religions possess their â€Å"continuing identities† (Slater, 1978, p. 82). So long as a group of Christians identify themselves to the teachings of their religion, say Catholic Church, they will remain to be Catholics. As indeed, so long as a group of Moslems identify themselves to the teachings of their religion, say Shiite group, they will remain to be identified with it. What explains the shift in a belief system is when one cannot anymore identify either with a teaching, or specific religious structures. It is a general rule that key to a religion’s perpetuity is establishing an identity. When people start to feel alienated with what they used to hold or believe it, it can explain why a group of believers create their own groups to accommodate their otherwise alienated belief system. To help establish the point, it may be good to lay down two glaring examples. b. The Shiite-Sunnis Divide Islam was born at least five hundred years after Christianity was already an institutionalized religion. But what started out only as a small community following Muhammad, Islam grew in exponential proportion in just a short span of time. Within the rapid growth came bitter disputes and eventual breakaways. Although Islam is a religion which does not readily recognize that there are divisions within them, scholars are almost unanimous in agreeing that some factions already broke from within the Moslem community dating back to the days when the religion itself was merely beginning to be established. In a sense, Islam is a religion broken down into at least two major divisions even before it got to be formally established as a religious phenomenon. It all started when a certain man named Muhammad, who by the way was born in 570 to a very poor family, begun to attract followers after experiencing visions and revelations (Renard, 1998, p. 7). His reputation spread in neighboring places, and soon found himself at odds with ruling empires for the large number of followers he had gathered. After this increasingly expanding community finally settled in Mecca in 630, Muhammad would die two years after (Renard, 1998, p. 7). His death would then see his community figure in a prolonged tug-of-war for rightful succession, and would officially begin the drift within the newly established religious community. One group claimed that Muhammad chose his rightful successor in the person of his son named Ali before he died. The other group contested the claim and said, no instructions were made by the Prophet whatsoever. Instead, they held that it was appropriate for to appoint leaders themselves, and eventually chose Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law, as the first of the four caliphs (meaning head), to rule the Islam community. Those who embraced the leadership of Ali were eventually known as the Shiites, while the followers who believed Abu Bakr’s caliphate eventually came to be known as Sunnis. As such, the neat separation within the just-emerging Islamic religion has been established. Since it exists up until today, it can be described as the â€Å"largest institutional division within the Muslim community† so far (Renard, 1998, p. 13; Ayoub, 2004, 72). c. The Catholic-Protestant Divide The era that colored the Catholic-Protestant divide was a Church marred with controversies, silent disenchantment and an ever growing discontent among Christian faithful. As history would show, it was through and because of Martin Luther – and his whole ebb generating protests against the Church – that the radical break from Catholicism was to be established. But hundreds of years before the supposed break, there had already been numerous events that point to the restlessness within the membership of the Church which it tried to quell. What were the controversies about? As early as the 1300’s, roughly two hundred years before Luther was born, an ordained priest by the name of John Wycliffe started to publish series of attacks against some of the major teachings and traditions of the Church. In 1372, he was summoned and reprimanded by Church authorities for his teachings that dwelled on the following: his denial of the doctrine of transubstantiation (a belief that the bread and wine used in celebrating the Eucharist is transformed into the real body and blood of Christ), attacks on the authority of the Pope as the head of the Church, corrupt practices within the Church, and emphasis on preaching and the use of Scriptures for teaching the doctrines of the Church (Cook, 2008, p. 95). Wycliffe probably represented the first courageous voices which tried to confront what’s wrong with the Church. In fact, he did try to raise legitimate concerns about both the divisive doctrines and lamentable discipline which the Church at that time practiced. Years after, Luther would pick up from where his predecessors had left out. In 1517, he released his Ninety-Five Theses to the public – a collection of ninety-five protests against many Church teachings – both doctrinal and moral – and Church practices, such as indulgences (spiritual merits obtained in return for monetary donations), celibacy (the promise for priests not to marry), Eucharist, among others (Cook, 2008, p. 100). Since the general religious atmosphere at that time was already ripe for reforms, his ninety-five theses were easily duplicated and spread throughout the German empire – a testament, as it were, to a huge popular support he enjoyed for the risks he took. Luther’s break from the Church was formally established when he burned the Papal bull Exsurge Domine (a decree which threatened him of excommunication if he did not recant his protests) in front of many people in a public square (Cook, 2008, 101). After which, he did subsequently ask the authorities of the German kingdom to support his cause for Church reform. Luther is remembered as a man who broke the Catholic Church apart. True enough, even before he died, he already saw the far reaching effects of his call for reforms he perhaps initially did not intended to jumpstart. Thanks to Luther, Christianity would never be the same again. The â€Å"Germany after (the) Reformation† movement in the mid 1500’s became a home to a new breed of Christians who came to be branded as Lutherans, Calvinist, Reformers, or even Protestants (Pennock, 2007, p. 168). In principle, Luther earned the reputation of being an agent of division within the Christian religion. IV. Conclusion To be sure, Christianity and Islam are not the only major religions in the world which had suffered a kind of break-up from within. Religious divisions are commonplace, and that variations sprouting from within large communities may be brought about by various factors. When divisions occur, one normally observes that differences pertaining to a host of issues including (but not limited to) doctrines, practices, or even recognized leadership become patent. As earlier mentioned, the dynamics of religion may help explain why a feeling of alienation (or a loss of identity) can push a believer or a group to break-away from mainstream religion to form their own set of practices and norms independently. Christianity and Islam were taken as exemplifications. In the points that were developed, it was seen that they share a history with lots of bitter disputes, which in turn led to an eventual division. But both religions suffered from internal rifts quite differently as well. Islam’s division was more political in nature, as two major factions with their respective claims to rightful succession to their now-dead Prophet-leader tore the emerging community apart – thus, the Sunnis and the Shiites. Christianity on the other hand, after experiencing many breakaway groups in the course of history, had to suffer yet another major blow from internal disputes led by Martin Luther in the 1500’s on account of doctrine and practices. What followed was a Christian religion torn once again, which ushered the creation of a big faction named Protestants. Religious divisions can be put under rigorous inquiry. There are viewpoints that consider these divisions as something that separate one group after another, while there are those who propose to see the same divisions as something that merely distinguish (but not separate). While the two viewpoints may be valid in their respective senses, this study places much interest not on their â€Å"distinguishability† or â€Å"separability†, but on the fact that, truly, religious divisions from within happen. References Ayoub, M. (2004). Islam. Faith and History. Oxford: Oneworld. Cook, C.. (2008) The Routledge Companion to Christian History. New York: Routledge. McCutcheon, R. (2007). Studying Religion. An Introduction. London: Equinox. Pennock, M. (2007) This is Our Church. A History of Catholicism. Notre Dame, Indiana: Ave Maria Press. Renard, J. (1998)101 Questions and Answers on Islam. New York: Paulist Press. Slater, P. (1978). The Dynamics of Religion. Meaning and Change in Religious Traditions. San Francisco: Harper and Row. (Also consulted) http://ca. news. yahoo. com/s/capress/080330/world/vatican_muslims